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Short Interlingua grammar and vocabulary ¥¤¥ó¥¿¡¼¥ê¥ó¥°¥¢¤Îʸˡ¤È¸ì×Ã

ARTICLES ´§»ì

The definite article (the) is always and only le, regardless of gender (masculine/feminine/neuter) or number (singular/plural).
Äê´§»ì¤Ï¡¢¾ï¤Ë¡Öle¡×¤À¤±¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢À­¤È¿ô¤Ï¹Íθ¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£
When the prepositions a and de precede the article, they fuse to become al and del respectively.
Á°ÃÖ»ì¡Öa¡×¡Öde¡×¤¬´§»ì¤ËÀè¹Ô¤¹¤ë»þ¤Ï¡¢¸ß¤¤¤ËÍ»¹ç¤·¤Æ¡Öal¡×¡Ödel¡×¤È¤Ê¤ë¡£
The indefinite article (a, an) is un, also regardless of gender: le matre (the mother), le patre (the father), le infantes (the children), un femina (a woman), un homine (a man), un animal (an animal).
ÉÔÄê»ì¤Ï¡¢¡Öun¡×¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Æ±¤¸¤¯À­¤ä¿ô¤Ï¹Íθ¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£¡§¡Öle matre¡×¡ÊÊì¿Æ¡Ë¡¢¡Öle patre¡×¡ÊÉã¿Æ¡Ë¡¢¡Öle infantes¡×¡Ê»Ò¤É¤â¤¿¤Á¡Ë¡¢¡Öun femina¡×¡Ê½÷À­¡Ë¡¢¡Öun homine¡×¡ÊÃËÀ­¡Ë¡¢¡Öun animal¡×¡Êưʪ¡Ë

NOUNS ̾»ì

Nouns ending in a vowel form their plural by adding -s, and nouns ending in a consonant add -es.
Êì²»¤Ç½ª¤ï¤ë̾»ì¤Ï¡¢¡Ö-s¡×¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¤ÈÊ£¿ô·Á¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¢»Ò²»¤Ç½ª¤ï¤ë̾»ì¤Ë¤Ï¡Ö-es¡×¤ò¤Ä¤±¤ë¤ÈÊ£¿ô·Á¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£
A final -c of the singular appears as -ch in the plural: le lingua – le linguas (the language – the languages), un nation – multe nationes (a nation – many nations), un choc – plure choches (a shock – several shocks).
ñ¿ô·Á̾»ì¤Î¸ìÈø¡Ö-c¡×¤Ï¡¢Ê£¿ô·Á¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤È¡Ö-ch¡×¤Î¤è¤¦¤ËÊѤï¤ë¡£¡§¡Öle lingua¡×¡Ê¸À¸ì¡Ë – ¡Öle linguas¡×¡Ê½ô¸À¸ì¡Ë¡¢¡Öun nation¡×¡Ê¤Ò¤È¤Ä¤Î¹ñ²È¡Ë – ¡Ömulte nationes¡×¡Ê¿¤¯¤Î¹ñ²È¡Ë¡¢¡Öun choc¡×¡Ê°ì·â¡Ë – ¡Öplure choches¡×¡ÊÊ£¿ô¤Î¾×·â¡Ë

ADJECTIVES ·ÁÍÆ»ì

As the adjective is invariable, it shows no agreement with the noun or pronoun to which it refers. The adjective can precede or follow the noun it describes:
·ÁÍÆ»ì¤ÏÊѲ½¤·¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢½¤¾þ¤¹¤ë̾»ì¤äÂå̾»ì¤Ë±þ¤¸¤ÆÊѲ½¤·¤Ê¤¤¡£·ÁÍÆ»ì¤Ï½¤¾þ¤¹¤ë̾»ì¤ÎÁ°¤ËÃÖ¤¤¤¿¤ê¡¢¸å¤í¤ËÃÖ¤¤¤¿¤ê¤Ç¤­¤ë¡£
un bon femina (a good woman), un bon homine (a good man), le bon infantes (the good children), le belle flor (the pretty flower), belle flores (pretty flowers), un idea interessante (an interesting idea), interessante ideas (interesting ideas).
¡Öun bon femina¡×¡ÊÁ±Îɤʽ÷À­¡Ë¡¢¡Öun bon homine¡×¡ÊÁ±ÎɤÊÃËÀ­¡Ë¡¢¡Öle bon infantes¡×¡ÊÁ±ÎɤʻҤɤ⤿¤Á¡Ë¡¢¡Öle belle flor¡×¡Ê¤½¤ÎÈþ¤·¤¤²Ö¡Ë¡¢¡Öbelle flores¡×¡ÊÈþ¤·¤¤²Ö¡¹¡Ë¡¢¡Öun idea interessante¡×¡ÊÌÌÇò¤¤¹Í¤¨¡Ë¡¢¡Öinteressante ideas¡×¡ÊÌÌÇò¤¤¡ÊÊ£¿ô¤Î¡Ë¹Í¤¨¡Ë

ADVERBS Éû»ì

Adverbs are formed by adding -mente or, after a final -c, -amente:
Éû»ì¤Ï¡¢¡Ö-mente¡×¤òÉÕ¤±¤ë¤³¤È¤Ë¤è¤Ã¤Æºî¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¸ìÈø¤¬¡Ö-c¡×¤Î»þ¤Ï¡¢¡Ö-amente¡×¤òÉÕ¤±¤ë¡£¡§
un recente edition – recentemente editate (a recent edition – recently published), un impossibilitate physic – physicamente impossibile (a physical impossibility - physically impossible).
¡Öun recente edition¡×¡ÊºÇ¶á¤Î¡Ê´©¹Ôʪ¤Î¡ËÈÇ¡Ë – recentemente editate¡ÊºÇ¶á¤Ëȯ¹Ô¤µ¤ì¤¿¡Ë¡¢¡Öun impossibilitate physic ¡×¡Êʪ¼ÁŪ¤Ê½ÅÍ×À­¡Ë– ¡Öphysicamente impossibile¡×¡Êʪ¼ÁŪ¤Ë½ÅÍפʡË

COMPARATIVE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS ·ÁÍÆ»ì¤ÈÉû»ì¤ÎÈæ³Óɽ¸½

The comparative of adjectives and adverbs (more -/-er) is formed with plus preceding them and the superlative (most /-est) with le plus.
·ÁÍÆ»ì¤ÈÉû»ì¤ÎÈæ³Óɽ¸½¤Ï¡¢¤½¤ÎÁ°¤Ë¡Öplus¡×¤ò¤Ä¤±¤Æºî¤ê¡¢ºÇ¾åµéɽ¸½¤Ï¡Öle plus¡×¤Çºî¤ë¡£
¡ÈLess¡É and ¡Èleast¡É are expressed by minus and le minus respectively:
ÎôÀªÈæ³Óµé¤ÈÎôÀªºÇ¾åµé¤Ï¤½¤ì¤¾¤ì¡Öminus¡×¡Öle minus¡×¤Çɽ¸½¤¹¤ë¡£
forte – plus forte (strong – stronger);
¡Öforte¡×¡Ê¶¯¤¤¡¦¸¶µé¡Ë – ¡Öplus forte¡×¡Ê¤è¤ê¶¯¤¤¡¦Èæ³Óµé¡Ë
ille es su amico le plus interessante (he is his/her most interesting friend);
Èà¤ÏºÇ¤âÌÌÇò¤¤Í§Ã£¤À
London es un del plus grande citates del mundo (London is one of the world's largest cities);
¥í¥ó¥É¥ó¤ÏÀ¤³¦¤ÎÂçÅÔ»Ô¤ÎÃæ¤Î1¤Ä¤À¡£
le aquila vola plus velocemente que le anate (the eagle flies faster than the duck);
Ïɤϥ¢¥Ò¥ë¤è¤ê¤â®¤¯Èô¤Ö¡£
un kilometro es minus longe que un millia (a kilometre is less long than a mile).
1¥­¥í¥á¡¼¥¿¤Ï1¥Þ¥¤¥ë¤è¤ê¤âû¤¤¡£

VERBS Æ°»ì

Verbs have only 7 different forms:
Æ°»ì¤Ë¤Ï£·¤Ä¤À¤±³èÍÑ·ÁÂÖ¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
1. Infinitive (to speak/see/hear) ending in -r
1.ÉÔÄê»ì¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡Ö-r¡×
2. Present (am speaking/seeing/hearing, do speak/see/hear, speak/see/hear) Imperative (speak!/see!/hear!) ending in -
2.¸½ºß·Á¤ÈÌ¿Îá·Á¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡¢ÉÔÄê»ì¤Î¡Ö-r¡×¤ò¼è¤Ã¤¿·Á¡£
3. Simple past (spoke/saw/heard) Imperfect (was speaking/seeing/hearing) ending in -va
3.ñ½ã²áµî¤È´°Î»·Á¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡Ö-va¡×
4. Future (will speak/see/hear) ending in -ra
4.̤Íè·Á¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡Ö-ra¡×
5. Conditional (would speak/see/hear) ending in -rea
5.¾ò·ïË¡¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡Ö-rea¡×
6. Present participle (speaking/seeing/hearing) ending in -nte
6.¸½ºßʬ»ì¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡Ö-nte¡×
7. Past participle (have spoken/seen/heard) ending in -te
7.²áµîʬ»ì¡¡¸ìÈø¤Ï¡Ö-te¡×
to speak
Ïä¹
to see
¸«¤ë
to hear
ʹ¤¯
1.parlarvideraudir
2.parlavideaudi
3.parlavavidevaaudiva
4.parlaravideraaudira
5.parlareavidereaaudirea
6.parlantevidenteaudiente
7.parlateviditeaudite

¡¡The forms of the various verbs are used for all persons both¡¡singular (I, you, he, she, it, one) and plural (we, you, they).
ÍÍ¡¹¤ÊÆ°»ì¤Î³èÍÑ·ÁÂÖ¤ÏÁ´¤Æ¤Îñ¿ô¡¦Ê£¿ô¤Î¿Í¾Î¤Ë»È¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£
As verbs do not¡¡have distinctive endings agreeing with their subject, the subject pronoun is not omitted, except in the imperative and in certain impersonal expressions.
Æ°»ì¤Ï¼ç¸ì¤Ëȼ¤¦¸ìÈø¤ÎÊѲ½¤¬¤Ê¤¤¤Î¤Ç¡¢¼ç¸ì¤ÎÂå̾»ì¤Ï¡¢Ì¿Îá·Á¤È̵¿Í³ÊŪɽ¸½¤ò½ü¤¤¤Æ¡¢¾Êά¤µ¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£
All verbs ending in -ar and -ir are conjugated as in the table.
¡Ö-ar¡×¡Ö-ir¡×¤ò¸ìÈø¤Ë»ý¤ÄÁ´¤Æ¤ÎÆ°»ì¤Ï¡Ê¾åµ­¤Î¡Ë°ìÍ÷ɽ¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë³èÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¡£
Verbs¡¡ending in -er with their past participle in -ite are conjugated in the same¡¡way.
²áµîʬ»ì¤Ëȼ¤¦¡Ö-er¡×Æ°»ì¤Ï¡¢Æ±ÍͤˡÖ-ite¡×¤È³èÍѤµ¤ì¤ë¡£
The verbs esser, haber and vader have a simplified present form: es,¡¡ha and va.
¡Öesser¡×¡Öhaber¡×¡Övader¡×Æ°»ì¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Ã±½ã²½¤µ¤ì¤¿¸½ºß·Á¡Öes¡×¡Öha¡×¡Öva¡×¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
The present participle of some -er verbs ends in -iente like the¡¡-ir verbs.
¡Ö-er¡×Æ°»ì¤Î¸½ºßʬ»ì¤ÎÃæ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¡Ö-ir¡×Æ°»ì¤Î¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢¡Ö-iente¡×¤Ç½ª¤ï¤ë¤â¤Î¤â¤¢¤ë¡£
The -a of the future ending and the -e- of the conditional ending¡¡are stressed, for example parlara, videra, audirea.
̤Íè·Á¸ìÈø¡Ö-a¡×¤È¾ò·ïË¡¸ìÈø¡Ö-e-¡×¤Ë¥¢¥¯¥»¥ó¥È¤¬ÃÖ¤«¤ì¤ë¡£Î㤨¤Ð¡¢ parlarA, viderA, audirEa.
The perfect and pluperfect tenses are formed using the auxiliaries¡¡ha and habeva with the past principle:
´°Î»·Á¤ÈÂç²áµî¤Ï¡¢²áµî»þÀ©¤Î¸¶Â§¤Ç¡¢½õÆ°»ì¡Öha¡×¡Öhabeva¡×¤ò»È¤Ã¤Æ¤Ä¤¯¤é¤ì¤ë¡£¡§
io ha parlate (I have spoken), illes¡¡habeva vidite (they have seen).
»ä¤ÏÏä·¤¿¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£Èà¤é¤Ï¸«¤¿¤³¤È¤¬¤¢¤ë¡£
The future can also be formed using the auxiliary va with the¡¡infinitive:
̤Íè·Á¤Ï¡¢½õÆ°»ì¡Öva¡×¤ÈÉÔÄê»ì¤Ç¤Ä¤¯¤é¤ì¤ë¡£
nos va vider (we are going to see).
»ä¤¿¤Á¤Ï¸«¤ë¤À¤í¤¦¡£
There is no subjunctive, except for esser, whose subjunctive sia is¡¡also the imperative form.
¡Öesser¡×¤ò½ü¤¤¤Æ¡¢²¾ÄêË¡¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¡£¤½¤Î²¾ÄêË¡¡Ösia¡×¤Ï¡¢Ì¿Îá·Á¤Ç¤â¤¢¤ë¡£

PRONOUNCIATION ȯ²»

The pronunciation in general is ¡Ècontinental¡É (vowels are as in Spanish, Italian and German; c before e, i, y is pronounced as s or ts, otherwise as k; th is pronounced as t and ph as f, etc.).
°ìÈÌŪ¤Êȯ²»¤Ï¡¢¡ÈÂçΦ·¿¡É¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡ÊÊì²»¤Ï¡¢¥¹¥Ú¥¤¥ó¸ì¡¢¥¤¥¿¥ê¥¢¸ì¡¢¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì¤Ç¤¢¤ë¡£¡Öe¡×¡Öi¡×¡Öy¡×¤ÎÁ°¤Î¡Öc¡×¤Ï¡Ös¡×¡Öts¡×¤Èȯ²»¤·¡¢¤½¤ì°Ê³°¤Ï¡Ök¡×¤Èȯ²»¤¹¤ë¡¢¡Öth¡×¤Ï¡Öt¡×¤Èȯ²»¤·¡¢¡Öph¡×¤Ï¡Öf¡×¤Èȯ²»¤¹¤ë¡£¤Ê¤É¤Ê¤É¡Ë
The stress is ¡Ènatural¡É, falling most often on the vowel before the last consonant.
¥¢¥¯¥»¥ó¥È¤Ï¡È¼«Á³¡É¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¤Û¤È¤ó¤É¤¬ºÇ¸å¤Î»Ò²»¤ÎÁ°¤ÎÊì²»¤ËÃÖ¤«¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¡£

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